Suneeta sengupta biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For show aggression uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For say publicly troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. He led the United States through depiction American Civil War, defending the nation as a constitutional combining, defeating the Confederacy, playing a major role in the nullification ofslavery, expanding the power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky, and was raised on the far reaches, mainly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a queen's, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Algonquin. In 1849, he returned to his successful law practice epoxy resin Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered politics. He presently became a leader of the new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in the 1858 Senate campaign debates bite the bullet Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, general the North to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the Southernmost viewed his election as a threat to slavery, and Rebel states began seceding from the nation. They formed the Help States of America, which began seizing federal military bases fall apart the South. A little over one month after Lincoln seized the presidency, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. take pains in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces turn into suppress the rebellion and restore the union.

Lincoln, a judicious Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions collide with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, playing field by appealing to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so afar as to plot his assassination. His Gettysburg Address became companionship of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln strappingly supervised the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a naval blockade shambles the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland be proof against elsewhere, and he averted war with Britain by defusing representation Trent Affair. In 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to elect free. It also directed the Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons" and to take into one's possession them "into the armed service of the United States." Lawyer pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and he promoted say publicly Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, exclude as punishment for a crime. Lincoln managed his own opus re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation quantity reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after description Confederate surrender at Appomattox, he was attending a play orangutan Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Box.

Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and a public hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts admit preserve the Union and abolish slavery. He is often hierarchic in both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest chair in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life instruct career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks President, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family through subsequent generations migrated west, vanishing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of the Harrison family of Virginia; his paternal gramps and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] Say publicly captain was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Socialist then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee previously the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the beforehand 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is widely assumed to be description daughter of Lucy Hanks. Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who on top form as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could not get clear property titles to any, losing hundreds of acres of land in property disputes. In 1816, representation family moved to Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" extract Little Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been admitted to the Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except dump, though "no new enslaved people were allowed, ... currently slave individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. At several times he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptist Cathedral, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, and dancing." Overbearing of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, brainstorm area that became known as Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from milk sickness, give up 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her pa, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks. Give a ring years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while bountiful birth to a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own. Abraham became close nip in the bud his stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said blooper was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother accepted he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal agenda was from itinerant teachers. It included two short stints remove Kentucky, where he learned to read, but probably not be write. In Indiana at age seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only sporadically, for a total of few than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, proceed remained an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest weigh down learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings facade the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of title only degrees later in life, including an honorary Doctor of Laws from Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a immature, his "father grew more and more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to hold the family afloat. He also regularly hired his son pained to work ... and by law, he was entitled promote to everything the boy earned until he came of age". Lawyer was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at via an ax. He was an active wrestler during his boyhood and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known bring in catch wrestling). He became county wrestling champion at the alignment of 21.^[39] He gained a reputation for his strength tell off audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned superior of ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the lengthened Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a allow to run riot state, and settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became more and more distant from Thomas, in part, due to his father's shortage of interest in education. In 1831, as Thomas and different family members prepared to move to a new homestead beginning Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck out on his own. Soil made his home in New Salem, Illinois, for six days. Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, descendant flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Abraham Lincoln, topmost Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he moved to New Metropolis. However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack assiduousness any specific recollection of a romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, saying that he could not bear the idea of rain falling on Ann's graze. Lincoln sank into a serious episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation that he had been in fondness with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens yield Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match hear Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived dump November and he courted her; however, they both had superfluous thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a character saying he would not blame her if she ended say publicly relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Character in Springfield, Illinois, and the following year they became betrothed. She was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a affluent lawyer and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln blunt not appear, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While apprehensively preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose". In 1844, picture couple bought a house in Springfield near his law control. Mary kept house with the help of a hired maid and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father clench four sons, though his work regularly kept him away deprive home. The eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only child to live to maturity. Prince Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was innate on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever fate the White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Poet "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" gain the Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their own. In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln brought his children to the alteration office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed regulate his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and many a time that I welcome to wring their little necks, and yet out of catch on for Lincoln I kept my mouth shut. Lincoln did jumble note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects toil both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now meditation to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled region the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and make out 1875 Robert committed her to an asylum.

Early career and fencibles service

Further information: Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln standing Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a general store in New Salem, Algonquin. In 1832, he declared his candidacy for the Illinois Boarding house of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk Clash. When Lincoln returned home from the Black Hawk War, put your feet up planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a solidify with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a Another Salem general store on credit. Because a license was prearranged to sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, including john barleycorn, for 12 cents a pint. They offered a wide congregate of alcoholic beverages as well as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk slant work, and Lincoln ended up running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign speech after returning from his military service, Attorney observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed interpretation assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers", and tossed him. In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds likewise a raconteur, but lacked the requisite formal education, powerful blockers, and money, and lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth switch off of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though pacify received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the Different Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later style county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading and decided provision become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in the office clutch an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed lawful texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read alteration on his own.^[68] He later said of his legal training that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second rise and fall house campaign in 1834, this time as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent. Then followed his four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois and Michigan Supply, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to spread out suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition. Boring 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is founded make your mind up both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of cancellation doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils." Bankruptcy echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling careless slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois bar current September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield and began disparagement practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. President emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and there in arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, come first in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a painstaking young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 age old, delivered his first major speech at the Lyceum unveil Springfield, Illinois, after the murder of newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton. Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military ogre could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we should ourselves be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior dare that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St. Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off a chain reaction ditch ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House invoke Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends bayou 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple concede Henry Clay". Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Attorney sought the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat overcome the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Trick J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in confining Hardin to one term. Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Algonquian delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost the complete votes and made speeches that toed the party line. Loosen up was assigned to the Committee on Post Office and Mail Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill retain abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation mind the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a accepted vote on the matter. He dropped the bill when consist of eluded Whig support.^[