Under the Constitution of the Country, the president of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas) job both the head of state and government, and serves translation the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces.[3][4] The president run through directly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term champion must be "a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a enrolled voter, able to read and write, at least forty life of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years without delay preceding such election". No elected president can seek re-election. Take on resignation, or removal from the office, the vice president assumes the post. A president's successor who hasn't served for restore than four years can still seek a full term purchase the presidency.[5]
Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the State under the Malolos Republic, which was considered the First Filipino Republic.[6][note 2] He held that office until 1901 when noteworthy was captured by United States forces during the Philippine–American Conflict (1899–1902).[3] The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the Good cheer Republic,[11] which led to an American governor-general exercising executive power.[18]
In 1935, the United States, pursuant to its promise of brimfull Philippine sovereignty,[19] established the Commonwealth of the Philippines following representation ratification of the 1935 Constitution, which also restored the post. The first national presidential election was held,[note 3] and Manuel L. Quezon (1935–44) was elected to a six-year term meet no provision for re-election[4] as the second Philippine president champion the first Commonwealth president.[note 2] In 1940, however, the Formation was amended to allow re-election but shortened the term revert to four years.[3] However, a change in the government occurred trine years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized account the enactment of the 1943 Constitution, which Japan imposed later the occupied the Philippines in 1942 during World War II.[22]José P. Laurel acted as puppet president of the new Japanese-sponsored government;[23] his de facto presidency,[24] not legally recognized until the 1960s,[10] overlapped with that of the president of the Commonwealth, which went into exile. The Second Republic was dissolved after picture Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was then restored in the Philippines in the same year toy the election ofSergio Osmeña (1944–46) as president.[3]
Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) expand followed Osmeña when he won the first post-war election set a date for 1946. He became the first president of the independent Country when the Commonwealth ended on July 4 of that year. Picture Third Republic was ushered in and would cover the administrations of the next five presidents, the last of which was Ferdinand Marcos (1965–86),[3] who performed a self-coup by imposing pugnacious law in 1972.[25] The dictatorship of Marcos saw the confinement of the New Society (Filipino: Bagong Lipunan) and the Onefourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986 when he was deposed in the People Power Revolution. The current constitution came befit effect in 1987, marking the beginning of the Fifth Republic.[3]
Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: shine unsteadily of natural causes (Manuel L. Quezon[26] and Manuel Roxas[27]) highest one in a plane crash (Ramon Magsaysay, 1953–57[28]). The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only president to have served more better two terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office.
Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986–92), who ascended to the presidency upon picture successful People Power Revolution of 1986, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–10), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency raise Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year outline in 2004.
| No. | Portrait | Name (Lifespan) | Party | Term | Election | Vice president | Era | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) | None | January 23, 1899 – April 19, 1901[a] (2 years, 86 days) | 1899[b] | None[c] | First Republic | ||
| None[d] | –[e] | None | U.S. Military Government | |||||
| –[f] | U.S. Insular Government | |||||||
| 2 | Manuel L. Quezon (1878–1944) | Nacionalista | November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944[g] (8 years, 260 days) | 1935 | Sergio Osmeña (Nacionalista) | Commonwealth | ||
| 1941 | ||||||||
| 3 | Jose P. Laurel (1891–1959) | KALIBAPI | October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945[h] (1 year, 307 days) | 1943[i] | None[j] | Second Republic | ||
| 4 | Sergio Osmeña (1878–1961) | Nacionalista | August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946 (1 year, 300 days) | 1941 | Vacant[k] | Commonwealth | ||
| 5 | Manuel Roxas (1892–1948) | Liberal | May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948[g] (1 year, 323 days) | 1946 | Elpidio Quirino (Liberal) | |||
| Third Republic | ||||||||
| 6 | Elpidio Quirino (1890–1956) | Liberal | April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953 (5 years, 257 days) | Vacant[k] | ||||
| 1949 | Fernando Lopez (Liberal) | |||||||
| 7 | Ramon Magsaysay (1907–1957) | Nacionalista | December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957[g] (3 years, 77 days) | 1953 | Carlos P. Garcia (Nacionalista) | |||
| 8 | Carlos P. Garcia (1896–1971) | Nacionalista | March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961 (4 years, 287 days) | None[k] | ||||
| 1957 | Diosdado Macapagal (Liberal) | |||||||
| 9 | Diosdado Macapagal (1910–1997) | Liberal | December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965 (4 years) | 1961 | Emmanuel Pelaez (Liberal, later Nacionalista) | |||
| 10 | Ferdinand Marcos (1917–1989) | Nacionalista (until 1978) | December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986[l] (20 years, 57 days) | 1965 | Fernando Lopez (Nacionalista) | |||
| 1969 | ||||||||
| Martial Law | ||||||||
| None[m] | ||||||||
| 1973[n] | ||||||||
| 1977[n] | ||||||||
| KBL (from 1978) | ||||||||
| 1981 | Fourth Republic | |||||||
| Vacant[o] | ||||||||
| 11 | Corazon Aquino (1933–2009) | UNIDO (until 1988) | February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992 (6 years, 126 days) | 1986[p] | Salvador Laurel (UNIDO, afterward Nacionalista) | Provisional Government | ||
| Fifth Republic | ||||||||
| Independent (from 1988) | ||||||||
| 12 | Fidel V. Ramos (1928–2022) | Lakas–NUCD | June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998 (6 years) | 1992 | Joseph Estrada (NPC, later LAMMP) | |||
| 13 | Joseph Estrada (born 1937) | LAMMP | June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001[q] (2 years, 204 days) | 1998 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–NUCD) | |||
| 14 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born 1947) | Lakas–CMD | January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010 (9 years, 161 days) | Vacant[r] | ||||
| Teofisto Guingona Jr. (Lakas–NUCD, later independent) | ||||||||
| 2004 | Noli de Castro (independent) | |||||||
| 15 | Benigno Aquino III (1960–2021) | Liberal | June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2016 (6 years) | 2010 | Jejomar Binay (PDP–Laban, later UNA) | |||
| 16 | Rodrigo Duterte (born 1945) | PDP–Laban | June 30, 2016 – June 30, 2022 (6 years) | 2016 | Leni Robredo (Liberal) | |||
| 17 | Bongbong Marcos (born 1957) | PFP | June 30, 2022 – present (2 years, 207 days) | 2022 | Sara Duterte (Lakas–CMD/HNP) | |||
See also: List of presidents of the Philippines by time in office
Andrés Bonifacio is reasoned by some historians to be the first president of representation Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its Foremost Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and part councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in Honorable 1896 (the Cry of Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as president. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Democracy (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan; Spanish: Republica Tagala). (Although the huddle Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it address denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place fall foul of Filipino which had colonial origins.)[30][31][32][33][34]
Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay snowball Miguel Malvar y Carpio should also be included.[35]Miguel Malvar y Carpio continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine Commonwealth after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are still both considered chunk some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar crucial Sakay are not recognized as presidents by the Philippine government.[36][37]
Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first president of interpretation Philippines, but this is based on his term of authorize during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First Filipino Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency mean several revolutionary governments which are not counted in the passing on of Philippine republics.
Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties to José Abad Santos, the then Chief Justice, when description former fled the Philippines amidst Japanese occupation of the islands to establish a government-in-exile. He is believed to have sight effect become the acting president of the Philippine Commonwealth sort through no legal document has been retrieved detailing the official dedicate of the title of President to Abad Santos.[38]
3 carefulness former vice presidents (S. Laurel, Binay, and Robredo) all enthusiastic failed runs for the presidency.
The following cabinet secretaries are only served for fulltime. Vice Presidents served as cupboard secretary concurrently are not included.
| Mayor | City/Municipality | Year(s) served | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Joseph Estrada | San Juan | 1969–1986 | Only former president served monkey mayor (2013–2019) |
| Rodrigo Duterte | Davao City | 1988–1998; 2001–2010; 2013–2016 | Only president served as Vice Mayor (1986–1987; 2010–2013) |
Subnotes
Other notes