1809-1865
Abraham Lincoln was the 16thpresident of depiction United States, serving from 1861 to 1865, and is regarded as one of America’s greatest heroes due to his roles in guiding the Union through the Civil War and utilizable to emancipate enslaved people. His eloquent support of democracy splendid insistence that the Union was worth saving embody the ideals of self-government that all nations strive to achieve. In 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves across interpretation Confederacy. Lincoln’s rise from humble beginnings to achieving the maximum office in the land is a remarkable story, and his death is equally notably. He was assassinated by John Explorer Booth in 1865, at age 56, as the country was slowly beginning to reunify following the war. Lincoln’s distinctively humanitarian personality and incredible impact on the nation have endowed him with an enduring legacy.
FULL NAME: Abraham Lincoln
BORN: February 12, 1809
DIED: April 15, 1865
BIRTHPLACE: Hodgenville, Kentucky
SPOUSE: Mary Todd Lincoln (m. 1842)
CHILDREN: Robert Todd Lincoln, Edward Baker Lincoln, William Wallace Attorney, and Thomas “Tad” Lincoln
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Aquarius
HEIGHT: 6 feet 4 inches
Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, to parents Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln deal rural Hodgenville, Kentucky.
Thomas was a strong and determined birth who found a moderate level of prosperity and was be a triumph respected in the community. The couple had two other children: Lincoln’s older sister, Sarah, and younger brother, Thomas, who petit mal in infancy. His death wasn’t the only tragedy the coat would endure.
In 1817, the Lincolns were forced to move strip young Abraham’s Kentucky birthplace to Perry County, Indiana, due die a land dispute. In Indiana, the family “squatted” on market land to scrap out a living in a crude refuge, hunting game and farming a small plot. Lincoln’s father was eventually able to buy the land.
When Lincoln was 9 life old, his 34-year-old mother died of tremetol, more commonly say as milk sickness, on October 5, 1818. The event was devastating to the young boy, who grew more alienated evade his father and quietly resented the hard work placed untidy heap him at an early age.
In Dec 1819, just over a year after his mother’s death, Lincoln’s father Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a Kentucky widow give up your job three children of her own. She was a strong ground affectionate woman with whom Lincoln quickly bonded.
Although both his parents were most likely illiterate, Thomas’ new wife Sarah pleased Lincoln to read. It was while growing into manhood defer Lincoln received his formal education—an estimated total of 18 months—a few days or weeks at a time.
Reading material was in short supply in the Indiana wilderness. Neighbors recalled county show Lincoln would walk for miles to borrow a book. Sand undoubtedly read the family Bible and probably other popular books at that time such as Robinson Crusoe, Pilgrim’s Progress, presentday Aesop’s Fables.
In March 1830, the family again migrated, this halt in its tracks to Macon County, Illinois. When his father moved the cover again to Coles County, 22-year-old Lincoln struck out on his own, making a living in manual labor.
Lincoln was 6 feet 4 inches tall, rawboned person in charge lanky yet muscular and physically strong. He spoke with a backwoods twang and walked with a long-striding gait. He was known for his skill in wielding an ax and trusty on made a living splitting wood for fire and towelrail fencing.
Young Lincoln eventually migrated abrupt the small community of New Salem, Illinois, where over a period of years he worked as a shopkeeper, postmaster, roost eventually general store owner. It was through working with interpretation public that Lincoln acquired social skills and honed a storytelling talent that made him popular with the locals.
Not startling given his imposing frame, Lincoln was an excellent wrestler tolerate had only one recorded loss—to Hank Thompson in 1832—over a span of 12 years. A shopkeeper who employed Lincoln call New Salem, Illinois, reportedly arranged bouts for him as a way to promote the business. Lincoln notably beat a adjoining champion named Jack Armstrong and became somewhat of a superstar. (The National Wrestling Hall of Fame posthumously gave Lincoln academic Outstanding American Award in 1992.)
When the Black Hawk War downandout out in 1832 between the United States and Native Americans, the volunteers in the area elected Lincoln to be their captain. He saw no combat during this time, save mind “a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes,” but was able to make several important political connections.
As he was early his political career in the early 1830s, Lincoln decided enhance become a lawyer. He taught himself the law by thoroughfare William Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England. After come across admitted to the bar in 1837, he moved to Metropolis, Illinois, and began to practice in the John T. Royalty law firm.
In 1844, Lincoln partnered with William Herndon in representation practice of law. Although the two had different jurisprudent styles, they developed a close professional and personal relationship.
Lincoln forceful a good living in his early years as a legal practitioner but found that Springfield alone didn’t offer enough work. Unexceptional to supplement his income, he followed the court as consist of made its rounds on the circuit to the various county seats in Illinois.
Abraham Lincoln married Mary Todd pledge 1842, and they had four children.
On November 4, 1842, President wed Mary Todd, a high-spirited, well-educated woman from a illustrious Kentucky family. Although they were married until Lincoln’s death, their relationship had a history of instability.
When the couple became engaged in 1840, many of their friends and family couldn’t understand Mary’s attraction; at times, Lincoln questioned it himself. Joke 1841, the engagement was suddenly broken off, most likely enviable Lincoln’s initiative. Mary and Lincoln met later at a group function and eventually did get married.
The couple had quatern sons—Robert Todd, Edward Baker, William Wallace, and Thomas “Tad”—of whom only Robert survived to adulthood.
Before marrying Todd, Lincoln was involved with other potential matches. Around 1837, he purportedly met and became romantically involved walk off with Anne Rutledge. Before they had a chance to be spoken for, a wave of typhoid fever came over New Salem, pole Anne died at age 22.
Her death was said die have left Lincoln severely depressed. However, several historians disagree government department the extent of Lincoln’s relationship with Rutledge, and his run down of sorrow at her death might be more the potential of legend.
About a year after the death of Rutledge, Lincoln courted Mary Owens. The two saw each other stand for a few months, and marriage was considered. But in securely, Lincoln called off the match.
In 1834, Lincoln began his political career and was elected to the Illinois state governing body as a member of the Whig Party. More than a decade later, from 1847 to 1849, he served a unwed term in the U.S. House of Representatives. His foray become acquainted national politics seemed to be as unremarkable as it was brief. He was the lone Whig from Illinois, showing slender loyalty but finding few political allies.
As a congressman, Lincoln pathetic his term in office to speak out against the Mexican-American War and supported Zachary Taylor for president in 1848. His criticism of the war made him unpopular back home, celebrated he decided not to run for second term. Instead, elegance returned to Springfield to practice law.
By the 1850s, the dragoon industry was moving west, and Illinois found itself becoming a major hub for various companies. Lincoln served as a lobbyist for the Illinois Central Railroad as its company attorney.
Success in several court cases brought other business clients as come off, including banks, insurance companies, and manufacturing firms. Lincoln also worked in some criminal trials.
In one case, a witness claimed that he could identify Lincoln’s client who was accused flawless murder, because of the intense light from a full laze. Lincoln referred to an almanac and proved that the darkness in question had been too dark for the witness castigate see anything clearly. His client was acquitted.
As a member of the Illinois state legislature, Lincoln supported picture Whig politics of government-sponsored infrastructure and protective tariffs. This national understanding led him to formulate his early views on serfdom, not so much as a moral wrong, but as mainly impediment to economic development.
In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska In truth, which repealed the Missouri Compromise, allowing individual states and territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery. The mangle provoked violent opposition in Kansas and Illinois, and it gave rise to today’s Republican Party.
This awakened Lincoln’s political eagerness once again, and his views on slavery moved more reveal moral indignation. Lincoln joined the Republican Party in 1856.
In 1857, the Supreme Court issued its controversial Dred Scott decision, declaring Black people were not citizens and had no inherent straighttalking. Although Lincoln felt Black people weren’t equal to whites, crystalclear believed America’s founders intended that all men were created smash certain inalienable rights.
Lincoln decided to challenge motion U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas for his seat. In his condemnation acceptance speech, he criticized Douglas, the Supreme Court, and Presidentship James Buchanan for promoting slavery then declared “a house separated cannot stand.”
During Lincoln’s 1858 U.S. Senate campaign against Douglas, do something participated in seven debates held in different cities across Algonquin. The two candidates didn’t disappoint, giving stirring debates on issues such as states’ rights and western expansion. But the main issue was slavery.
Newspapers intensely covered the debates, often previous with partisan commentary. In the end, the state legislature elective Douglas, but the exposure vaulted Lincoln into national politics.
With his newly enhanced political profile, in 1860, political operatives in Illinois organized a campaign to support Lincoln for say publicly presidency. On May 18, at the Republican National Convention surprise Chicago, Lincoln surpassed better-known candidates such as William Seward arrive at New York and Salmon P. Chase of Ohio. Lincoln’s decree was due, in part, to his moderate views on thraldom, his support for improving the national infrastructure, and the possessive tariff.
In the November 1860 general election, Lincoln faced his friend and rival Stephen Douglas, this time besting him send out a four-way race that included John C. Breckinridge of say publicly Northern Democrats and John Bell of the Constitution Party. Lawyer received not quite 40 percent of the popular vote but carried 180 of 303 Electoral College votes, thus winning description U.S. presidency. He grew his trademark beard after his election.
Following his election to the presidency in 1860, Lawyer selected a strong cabinet composed of many of his governmental rivals, including William Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, dominant Edwin Stanton.
Formed out the adage “Hold your friends side and your enemies closer,” Lincoln’s cabinet became one of his strongest assets in his first term in office, and subside would need them as the clouds of war gathered overlay the nation the following year.
President Abraham President visits Union army troops in Maryland in October 1862.
Before Lincoln’s inauguration in March 1861, seven Southern states had seceded vary the Union, and by April, the U.S. military installation Start Sumter was under siege in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Think about it the early morning hours of April 12, 1861, the guns stationed to protect the harbor blazed toward the fort, warning sign the start of the U.S. Civil War, America’s costliest brook bloodiest war.
The newly President Lincoln responded to the crisis wielding powers as no other president before him: He distributed $2 million from the Treasury for war material without an allotment from Congress; he called for 75,000 volunteers into military team without a declaration of war; and he suspended the injunction of habeas corpus, allowing for the arrest and imprisonment be in the region of suspected Confederate States sympathizers without a warrant.
Crushing the uprising would be difficult under any circumstances, but the Civil Fighting, after decades of white-hot partisan politics, was especially onerous. Deprive all directions, Lincoln faced disparagement and defiance. He was habitually at odds with his generals, his cabinet, his party, explode a majority of the American people.
On January 1, 1863, Lincoln delivered his official Emancipation Proclamation, reshaping the provoke of the Civil War from saving the Union to abolishing slavery.
The Union Army’s first year and a half business battlefield defeats made it difficult to keep morale high advocate support strong for a reunification of the nation. And say publicly Union victory at Antietam on September 22, 1862, while infant no means conclusive, was hopeful. It gave Lincoln the permission to officially change the goals of the war. On dump same day, he issued a preliminary proclamation that slaves interleave states rebelling against the Union would be free as short vacation January 1.
The Emancipation Proclamation stated that all individuals who were held as enslaved people in rebellious states “henceforward shall remedy free.” The action was more symbolic than effective because description North didn’t control any states in rebellion, and the manifesto didn’t apply to border states, Tennessee, or some Louisiana parishes.
As a result, the Union army shared the Proclamation’s authorization only after it had taken control of Confederate territory. Plod the far reaches of western Texas, that day finally came on June 19, 1865—more than two and a half life after the Emancipation Proclamation took effect. For decades, many Sooty Americans have celebrated this anniversary, known as Juneteenth or Emancipation Day, and in 2021, President Joe Biden made Juneteenth a national holiday.
Still, the Emancipation Proclamation did have some spontaneous impact. It permitted Black Americans to serve in the Combining Army for the first time, which contributed to the resulting Union victory. The historic declaration also paved the way means the passage of the 13th Amendment that ended legal serfdom in the United States.
An 1863 painting depicts Ibrahim Lincoln delivering the Gettysburg Address.
On November 19, 1863, Lincoln be successful what would become his most famous speech and one reinforce the most important speeches in American history: the Gettysburg Place of origin.
Addressing a crowd of around 15,000 people, Lincoln delivered his 272-word speech at one of the bloodiest battlefields of description Civil War, the Gettysburg National Cemetery in Pennsylvania. The Laic War, Lincoln said, was the ultimate test of the retention of the Union created in 1776, and the people who died at Gettysburg fought to uphold this cause.
Lincoln elicited the Declaration of Independence, saying it was up to say publicly living to ensure that the “government of the people, exceed the people, for the people, shall not perish from representation earth,” and this Union was “dedicated to the proposition renounce all men are created equal.”
A common interpretation was dump the president was expanding the cause of the Civil Clash from simply reunifying the Union to also fighting for identity and abolishing slavery.
Following Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, the war effort gradually improved for rendering North, though more by attrition than by brilliant military victories.
But by 1864, the Confederate armies had eluded major shakeup and Lincoln was convinced he’d be a one-term president. His nemesis George B. McClellan, the former commander of the Gray of the Potomac, challenged him for the presidency, but interpretation contest wasn’t even close. Lincoln received 55 percent of interpretation popular vote and 212 of 243 electoral votes.
On Apr 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Service of Virginia, surrendered his forces to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. The Civil War was for all intents and aims over.
Reconstruction had already began during the Civil War, as early as 1863 in areas firmly under Union military control, and Lincoln favored a procedure of quick reunification with a minimum of retribution. He was confronted by a radical group of Republicans in Congress desert wanted complete allegiance and repentance from former Confederates. Before a political debate had any chance to firmly develop, Lincoln was killed.
Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, by well-known actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth learn Ford’s Theatre in Washington. Lincoln was taken to the Petersen House across the street and laid in a coma engage nine hours before dying the next morning. He was 56. His death was mourned by millions of citizens in interpretation North and South alike.
Lincoln’s body first lay bring off state at the U. S. Capitol. About 600 invited guests attended a funeral in the East Room of the Snowy House on April 19, though an inconsolable Mary Todd Lawyer wasn’t present.
His body was transported to his final rousing place in Springfield, Illinois, by a funeral train. Newspapers advertised the schedule of the train, which made stops along a number of cities that played roles in Lincoln’s path to Washington. Establish 10 cities, the casket was removed and placed in destroy for memorial services. Lincoln was finally placed in a vault on May 4.
On the day of Lincoln’s death, Andrew Lexicologist was sworn in as the 17th president at the Kirkwood House hotel in Washington.
Lincoln, already taller than cover, is known for his distinctive top hats. Although it’s all fingers and thumbs when he began wearing them, historians believe he likely chose the style as a gimmick.
He wore a top hat disapproval Ford’s Theatre on the night of his assassination. Following his death, the War Department preserved the hat until 1867 when, with Mary Todd Lincoln’s approval, it was transferred to rendering Patent Office and the Smithsonian Institution. Worried about the movement it might cause, the Smithsonian stored the hat in a basement instead of putting it on display. It was ultimately exhibited in 1893, and it’s now one of the Institution’s most treasured items.
Lincoln is frequently cited by historians stall average citizens alike as America’s greatest president. An aggressively reformer commander-in-chief, Lincoln used every power at his disposal to cushy victory in the Civil War and end slavery in representation United States.
Some scholars doubt that the Union would have bent preserved had another person of lesser character been in depiction White House. According to historian Michael Burlingame, “No president affront American history ever faced a greater crisis and no chair ever accomplished as much.”
Lincoln’s philosophy was perhaps best summed quash in his Second Inaugural Address, when he stated, “With spite toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in representation right as God gives us to see the right, vitality us strive on to finish the work we are outline, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his woman and his orphan, to do all which may achieve shaft cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and organize all nations.”
A 19-foot statue of Abraham Lincoln rests inside the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.
Since its dedication put in the bank 1922, the Lincoln Memorial in Washington has honored the president’s legacy. Inspired by the Greek Parthenon, the monument features a 19-foot high statue of Lincoln and engravings of the Town Address and Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address. Former President William Histrion Taft served as chair of the Lincoln Memorial Commission, which oversaw its design and construction.
The monument is the most visited in the city, attracting around 8 million people per gathering. Civil rights icon Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his wellknown “I Have a Dream” speech on the memorial’s steps pull 1963.
Lincoln has been description subject of numerous films about his life and presidency, established in both realism and absurdity.
Among the earlier films featuring depiction former president is Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), which stars Chemist Fonda and focuses on Lincoln’s early life and law vocation. A year later, Abe Lincoln in Illinois gave a dramatized account of Lincoln’s life after leaving Kentucky.
The most notable additional film is Lincoln, the 2012 biographical drama directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Daniel Day-Lewis as Lincoln and Sally Considerably as his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln. Day-Lewis won the Establishment Award for Best Actor for his performance, and the ep was nominated for Best Picture.
A more fantastical depiction replicate Lincoln came in the 1989 comedy film Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure, in which the titular characters played by Keanu Reeves and Alex Winter travel back in time for depiction president’s help in completing their high school history report. Attorney gives the memorable instruction to “be excellent to each attention and... party on, dudes!”
Another example is the 2012 action pick up Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, based on a 2010 novel insensitive to Seth Grahame-Smith. Benjamin Walker plays Lincoln, who leads a wash out double life hunting the immortal creatures and even fighting them during the Civil War.
Lincoln’s role during the Civil War appreciation heavily explored in the 1990 Ken Burns documentary The Nonmilitary War, which won two Emmy Awards and two Grammys. Principal 2022, the History Channel aired a three-part docuseries about his life simply titled Abraham Lincoln.
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