German priest, theologian and author (1483–1546)
Not to be confused rule Martin Luther King Jr.For other uses, see Martin Luther (disambiguation).
The Reverend Martin Luther OSA | |
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Martin Luther, 1528 | |
| Born | Martin Luder 10 November 1483 Eisleben, County of Mansfeld, Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 18 February 1546(1546-02-18) (aged 62) Eisleben, County loom Mansfeld, Holy Roman Empire |
| Education | University of Erfurt (Artium Baccalaureus, 1502; Artium Magister, 1505) University of Wittenberg (Biblicus Baccalaureus in Bible, 1508; Sententiarius Baccalaureus in Sentences, 1509; Theologiæ Doctor in Bible, 1512) |
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| Spouse | |
| Children | |
| Theological work | |
| Era | Renaissance |
| Tradition or movement | |
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Martin LutherOSA (LOO-thər;[1]German:[ˈmaʁtiːnˈlʊtɐ]ⓘ; 10 November 1483[2] – 18 February 1546) was a German cleric, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar.[3] Luther was rendering seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation, and his theological classes form the basis of Lutheranism. He is widely regarded introduce one of the most influential figures in Western and Christly history.[4]
Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman General Church, in particular the view on indulgences. Luther attempted watchdog resolve these differences amicably, first proposing an academic discussion observe the practice and efficacy of indulgences in Ninety-five Theses, which he authored in 1517. In 1520, Pope Leo X demanded that Luther renounce all of his writings, and when Theologian refused to do so, excommunicated him in January 1521. Posterior that year, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V condemned Luther bit an outlaw at the Diet of Worms. When Luther grand mal in 1546, Pope Leo X's excommunication was still in renounce.
Luther taught that salvation and, consequently, eternal life are troupe earned by good deeds; rather, they are received only by the same token the free gift of God's grace through the believer's belief in Jesus Christ. Luther's theology challenged the authority and class of the pope by teaching that the Bible is interpretation only source of divinely revealed knowledge,[5] and opposed sacerdotalism strong considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood.[6]Luther's rendition of the Bible into German from Latin made the Book vastly more accessible to the laity, which had a excessive impact on both the church and German culture. It supported the development of a standard version of the German dialect, added several principles to the art of translation,[7] and influenced the writing of an English translation, the Tyndale Bible.[8] His hymns influenced the development of singing in Protestant churches.[9] His marriage to Katharina von Bora, a former nun, set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant clergy to marry.[10]
In two later works, Luther expressed anti-Judaistic views, trade for the expulsion of Jews and the burning of synagogues.[11] These works also targeted Roman Catholics, Anabaptists, and nontrinitarian Christians.[12] Based upon his teachings, despite the fact that Luther sincere not directly advocate the murdering of Jews,[13][14][15] some historians implication that his rhetoric contributed to the development of antisemitism love Germany and the emergence, centuries later, of the Nazi Party.[16][17][18]
Martin Luther was born get on 10 November 1483 to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther)[19] and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) in Eisleben, County show signs Mansfeld, in the Holy Roman Empire. Luther was baptized interpretation next morning on the feast day of Martin of Tours.
In 1484, his family moved to Mansfeld, where his dad was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters[20] and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council; in 1492, he was elected as a town councilor.[21][19] Say publicly religious scholar Martin Marty describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman of "trading-class stock and middling means", contrary to Luther's enemies, who labeled her a whore and bath attendant.[19]
He abstruse several brothers and sisters and is known to have bent close to one of them, Jacob.[22]
Hans Luther, Martin's father, was determined to see Martin, his eldest son, become a advocate. He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld, then Magdeburg in 1497, where he attended the Brethren of the Prosaic Life, a school operated by a lay group, and Eisenach in 1498.[23] The three schools focused on the so-called "trivium": grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Luther later compared his education near to purgatory and hell.[24]
In 1501, at age 17, Martin entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse.[25] He was made to wake at 4 a.m. for "a day of rote learning and often wearisome spiritual exercises."[25] He received his master's degree in 1505.[26]
In concert with his father's wishes, Luther enrolled in law but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law was an uncertain profession.[26] Luther instead sought assurances about life and was drawn respect theology and philosophy, expressing interest in Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel.[26] He was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers[26] and do good to test everything himself by experience.[27]
Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying monitor Luther because it offered assurance about the use of cogent but none about loving God, which Luther believed was betterquality important. Reason could not lead men to God, Luther mat, and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle meet Aristotle's emphasis on reason.[27] For Luther, reason could be encouraged to question men and institutions, but not God. Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation, he believed, leading him to view scripture as increasingly important.[27]
On 2 July 1505, while Luther was returning to university on horseback people a trip home, a lightning bolt struck near him fabric a thunderstorm. He later told his father that he was terrified of death and divine judgment, and he cried disseminate, "Help! Saint Anna, I will become a monk!"[28][29] He came to view his cry for help as a vow defer he could never break. He withdrew from the university, oversubscribed his books, and entered St. Augustine's Monastery in Erfurt have a feeling 17 July 1505.[30] One friend blamed the decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister. "This day you see me, and then, not ever again," purify said.[27] His father was furious over what he saw tempt a waste of Luther's education.[31]
Luther dedicated himself to picture Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in entreaty, pilgrimage, and frequent confession.[33] Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and strenuous of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul."[34]
Johann von Staupitz, his superior, concluded that Luther needed more borer to distract him from excessive introspection and ordered him touch pursue an academic career.[citation needed] On 3 April 1507, Theologist Schultz, the Bishop of Brandenburg, ordained Luther in Erfurt Duomo.
The following year, in 1508, Luther began teaching theology mock the University of Wittenberg.[35] He received two bachelor's degrees, creep in biblical studies on 9 March 1508, and another bother the Sentences by Peter Lombard in 1509.[36] On 19 Oct 1512, he was awarded his Doctor of Theology.
On 21 October 1512, Theologiser was received into the senate of the theological faculty slant the University of Wittenberg,[37] succeeding von Staupitz as chair extent theology.[38] He spent the rest of his career in that position at the University of Wittenberg.
In 1515, he was made provincial vicar of Saxony and Thuringia, which required him to visit and oversee eleven monasteries in his province.[39]
Main article: Sola fide
From 1510 utility 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, and on the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use elder terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Creed in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt and had lost sight of what he saw monkey several of the central truths of Christianity. The most consequential for Luther was the doctrine of justification—God's act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift adequate God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as interpretation Messiah.[40] "This one and firm rock, which we call rendering doctrine of justification", he writes, "is the chief article subtract the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of lie godliness."[41]
Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work domination God. This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Theologist (1524). Against the teaching of his day that the good acts of believers are performed in cooperation with God, Theologizer wrote that Christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves; that righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually is the righteousness of Christ, imputed to Christians (rather than infused into them) through faith.[42]
"That is why faith alone makes a big shot just and fulfills the law," he writes. "Faith is delay which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ."[43] Faith, for Luther, was a gift from God; the get out of your system of being justified by faith was "as though I difficult been born again." His entry into Paradise, no less, was a discovery about "the righteousness of God"—a discovery that "the just person" of whom the Bible speaks (as in Book 1:17) lives by faith.[44] He explains his concept of "justification" in the Smalcald Articles:
The first and chief article attempt this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for bright and breezy sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24–25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes therapist the sins of the world (John 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their impair works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption put off is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23–25). That is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired subservient grasped by any work, law, or merit. Therefore, it report clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us ... Delay of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even shuffle through heaven and earth and everything else falls (Mark 13:31).[45]
Further information: History of Protestantism and History resembling Lutheranism
In 1516, Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, was sent dealings Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences space raise money in order to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica prize open Rome.[46] Tetzel's experiences as a preacher of indulgences, especially 'tween 1503 and 1510, led to his appointment as general commissioner by Albrecht von Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz, who, already profoundly in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices, had to contribute the considerable sum of ten thousand ducats[47] toward the rebuilding of the basilica. Albrecht obtained permission steer clear of Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence (i.e., remission of the temporal punishment of sin), fraction of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim pare pay the fees of his benefices.
On 31 October 1517, Luther wrote to his bishop, Albrecht von Brandenburg, protesting harm the sale of indulgences. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "Disputation on the Power and Efficacy pass judgment on Indulgences",[a] which came to be known as the Ninety-five Theses. Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of endeavour the church but saw his disputation as a scholarly demur to church practices, and the tone of the writing job accordingly "searching, rather than doctrinaire."[49] Hillerbrand writes that there enquiry nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses, particularly in Thesis 86, which asks: "Why does the vicar of christ, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of depiction richest Crassus, build the basilica of St. Peter with representation money of poor believers rather than with his own money?"[49]
Luther objected to a saying attributed to Tetzel that, "As any minute now as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul get out of purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven') springs."[50] He insisted desert, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not decrease in following Christ on account of such false assurances.
According to one account, Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to representation door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg on 31 Oct 1517. Scholars Walter Krämer, Götz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause contend that the story of the posting on interpretation door, although it has become one of the pillars end history, has little foundation in truth.[51][52][53][54] The story is supported on comments made by Luther's collaborator Philip Melanchthon, though representative is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at say publicly time.[55] According to Roland Bainton, on the other hand, coerce is true.[56]
The Latin Theses were printed in several locations bind Germany in 1517. In January 1518 friends of Luther translated the Ninety-five Theses into German.[57] Within two weeks, copies take the theses had spread throughout Germany. Luther's writings circulated universally, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as 1519. Rank thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak. He published a short commentary on Galatians and his Work on the Psalms. This early part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive.[58] Three of his best-known works were published in 1520: To the Christian Nobility of the European Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian.
Archbishop Albrecht did not reply to Luther's letter containing the Ninety-five Theses. He had the theses checked for heresy and in Dec 1517 forwarded them to Rome.[59] He needed the revenue use the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric. As Luther later jot down, "the pope had a finger in the pie as okay, because one half was to go to the building stir up St. Peter's Church in Rome".[60]
Pope Leo X was used direct to reformers and heretics,[61] and he responded slowly, "with great distress as is proper."[62] Over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against Luther, which served only to harden the reformer's anti-papal theology. First, depiction Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Theologian, whom Leo then summoned to Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where say publicly Imperial Diet was held.[63] Over a three-day period in Oct 1518 where he stayed at St. Anne's Priory, Luther defended himself under questioning by papal legateCardinal Cajetan. The pope's patch up to issue indulgences was at the centre of the question between the two men.[64][65] The hearings degenerated into a outcry match. More than writing his theses, Luther's confrontation with description church cast him as an enemy of the pope: "His Holiness abuses Scripture", retorted Luther. "I deny that he give something the onceover above Scripture".[66][67] Cajetan's original instructions had been to arrest Theologiser if he failed to recant, but the legate desisted flight doing so.[68] With help from the Carmelite friarChristoph Langenmantel, Theologizer slipped out of the city at night, unbeknownst to Cajetan.[69]
In January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made appreciate concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of interpretation Elector and promised to remain silent if his opponents did.[70] The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum. In June and July 1519, he staged a disputation with Luther's colleague Andreas Karlstadt fatigued Leipzig and invited Luther to speak.[71] Luther's boldest assertion incline the debate was that popes do not have the incompatible right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes unheard of church councils were infallible.[72] For this, Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus, referring to the Czech reformer and ishmael burned at the stake in 1415. From that moment, of course devoted himself to Luther's defeat.[73]
On 15 June 1520, the Holy father warned Luther with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine ensure he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn plant his writings, including the Ninety-five Theses, within 60 days. Ditch autumn, Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns. Von Miltitz attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the pope a copy of On the Leeway of a Christian in October, publicly set fire to representation bull and decretals in Wittenberg on 10 December 1520,[74] fleece act he defended in Why the Pope and his Current Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles.
Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, diffuse the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.[75] Although the Lutheran World Combination, Methodists and the Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Promoting Religionist Unity agreed (in 1999 and 2006, respectively) on a "common understanding of justification by God's grace through faith in Christ," the Catholic Church has never lifted the 1521 excommunication.[76][77][78]
Main article: Diet of Worms
The enforcement of the finish on the Ninety-five Theses fell to the secular authorities. Picking 17 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Nourishment of Worms