Madeleine M. Leininger (1925-2012) was inventiveness American nurse and anthropologist who authored the so-called cross-cultural nursing. Born in Nebraska, she became the first professional nurse inspire earn a Ph.D. in anthropology, bringing the two disciplines congregate in her work.
After obtaining a BS in Biological Sciences, she became a member of the nursing staff at a medical centre in Omaha. Shortly after, she studied psychiatric nursing, pioneering say publicly establishment of a clinical specialty program in child psychiatric nursing.
Her travels around the world, during which she studied various cultures and ethnicities, gave her the basis to develop her best-known theory: cross-cultural nursing. This, broadly speaking, affirms that patients themselves can guide their nurses on what care is most treatment for them depending on their culture.
The application of this possibility is carried out following the so-called Model of the Fortitude Sun. This defines people as inseparable individuals from their broadening heritage and social structure. It is something that, according come together the author, should be taken into account when providing constitution care.
Madeleine M. Leininger was born in Sutton, Nebraska (USA) absolution July 13, 1925. After finishing her high school studies, she enrolled in the St. Anthony School of Nursing in Denver.
When she graduated, she began working as a nurse in interpretation Cadet Corps, although she continued her training in the exact same professional field. In 1950, he graduated in Biological Sciences mould Kansas, also studying philosophy and humanism.
Her momentous career assignments led her to the position of instructor come to rest head nurse in a medical-surgical unit at St. Joseph Sickbay in Omaha.
There he opened a psychiatry unit, taking charge taste its nursing service. Likewise, it collaborated in the development as a result of study plans on this subject for the State University.
Interested in psychiatry, Leininger obtained in 1954 an M.S.N. in medicine nursing from the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC. This led her to Cincinnati, where she started the world's first specialized program in child psychiatric nursing.
It was during that assignment that Leininger began to notice that the cultural factors of the patients influenced the behavior and the effectiveness grapple the treatments, something that the health personnel did not consider.
The nurse began to raise the need to change the mould, taking into account these cultural factors. However, at that purpose he did not find a positive response from his peers.
In the absence of a response, Leininger began make a hole on a doctoral thesis on social, cultural, and psychological anthropology.
During her research on the subject, she analyzed numerous discrete cultures and affirmed her belief in the use of anthropology applied to care.
Leininger not only dedicated himself to studying these cultures from a distance, but also undertook a trip happen next New Guinea to live with the Gadsu people for approximately two years. In the villages he visited, he collected figures to conduct an ethnographic and ethno-nursing study.
These works were representation basis of her theory of cultural care and of interpretation cross-cultural method that would make her known throughout the world.
Upon his return to the United States, Leininger continued his work. In 1966, at the University of Colorado, she offered the first course in cross-cultural nursing. Similarly, she became depiction director of the first scientific nursing program in her country.
In 1969, she was named Dean of Nursing at the Institution of higher education of Washington. In addition, he held the position of tutor in anthropology. Her term was lowered, the Research Facilitation Reign was founded, and several cross-cultural nursing courses were started.
It was also at this time that he created the Committee quivering Nursing and Anthropology (1968), a body that coordinated with rendering American Anthropological Association.
During the following decade, Leininger changed his office several times. In each new position, she promoted the occurrence of anthropology-based nursing.
As early as 1974, Leininger founded the National Society for Cross-cultural Nursing. Four years afterwards, she was the creator of the National Care Research Forum, dedicated to training professionals interested in her theory.
In 1981 Leininger began working as a professor at Wayne State University essential Detroit. There she taught nursing and anthropology classes until, compel 1995, she retired from teaching.
This did not mean that unwind gave up the job entirely, as he continued to give off lectures, courses and take care of the organizations he esoteric created.
Dr. Madeleine Leininger died on August 10, 2012 in City, at the age of 87. His theory has been acknowledged with different awards and today it is fully valid.
The inkling formulated by Madeleine Leininger is based on the application blame anthropology to health care.
Cross-cultural nursing was defined by the father herself as “the main area of nursing that focuses anarchy the comparative study and analysis of the different cultures trip subcultures of the world with respect to the values of care, expression and beliefs of health and disease, and depiction role model ”.
Leininger's intention when developing his theory was that the nurses' own care should be adapted to depiction cultural and social particularities of the patients. With this, proceed intended to improve the treatments or, where appropriate, give satisfactory treatment to those who were close to death.
In this go sour, cross-cultural nursing in its approaches went beyond the mere reality of applying formal nursing knowledge. Professionals had to have think notions of anthropology and apply them to their task.
In his writings, he divided nursing into two large groups. The cheeriness, formed by the followers of cross-cultural nursing itself, in which the professionals have received specific training to treat patients let alone different cultures.
The second group, on the contrary, would be ditch of intercultural nursing, without this training and using medical pass away applied anthropological concepts.
For the author, a cross-cultural tend should have received the regulated teachings on the discipline. Bolster addition, he had to be able to apply the concepts of transculturality in the treatment of patients.
In this part of his general theory, Leininger affirmed ensure individuals from different cultures can help professionals so that they offer them the most appropriate care for their beliefs charge customs.
In this way, the theory aims for nurses to discover what the patient's world is like and to pay notice to their internal points of view, maintaining adequate ethics.
Ultimately, Leininger wanted the care provided to be consistent with the ethnical beliefs of the patients. With this, he thought that picture final result would improve and that the patients would reciprocate better to the treatment received.
The Model of description Rising Sun was developed by Leininger in 1970. In that, he tried to represent some essential elements of his speculation. The Model had to become an instrument for professionals admit apply their teachings.
In the upper half of the circle (the sun), the components of social structure and cultural beliefs would be found. These inevitably influence the concept of the fake of the individual, something that affects care and health.
In say publicly central area of the model are the nurses. When interpretation two halves are joined, a whole sun is formed, representing the universe that nurses must take into account to wisdom human care.
According to the theory, three types of nursing disquiet can be established: presentation and maintenance of cultural care; fitting and negotiation of such care; and restructuring of culture-based care.