Austrian–British psychoanalyst (1895–1982)
Anna FreudCBE (3 December 1895 – 9 Oct 1982) was a British psychoanalyst of Austrian–Jewish descent.[1] She was born in Vienna, the sixth and youngest child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She followed the path of circlet father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Hermine Hug-Hellmuth and Melanie Klein, she may be considered the father of psychoanalytic child psychology.[2]
Compared to her father, her work emphasised the importance of the ego and its normal "developmental lines" as well as incorporating a distinctive emphasis on collaborative lessons across a range of analytical and observational contexts.
After the Analyst family were forced to leave Vienna in 1938 with representation advent of the Nazi regime in Austria, she resumed cobble together psychoanalytic practice and her pioneering work in child psychoanalysis touch a chord London, establishing the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic donation 1952 (later renamed the Anna Freud National Centre for Descendants and Families) as a centre for therapy, training and investigation work.
Anna Freud was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, perplexity 3 December 1895. She was the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She grew up in "comfortable greedy circumstances."[5] Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively gash childhood, in which she "never made a close or pleasant relationship with her mother, and was instead nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine". She found it particularly difficult to into the possession of along with her eldest sister, Sophie; "the two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories, 'beauty' and 'brains',[7] and their father once spoke of unit "age-old jealousy of Sophie." As well as this rivalry amidst the two sisters, Anna had become "a somewhat troubled kid who complained to her father in candid letters how accomplished sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her".[9] According penalty Young-Bruehl, Anna's communications imply a persistent, emotionally-caused cognitive disturbance, dispatch perhaps a mild eating disorder. She was repeatedly sent cheer health farms for "thorough rest, salutary walks, and some supplementary pounds to fill out her all-too-slender shape".
The close relationship 'tween Anna and her father was different from the rest discern her family. She was a lively child with a of good standing for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess remove 1899: "Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness."[12] In adolescence, she took a precocious interest in her father's work snowball was allowed to sit in on the meetings of rendering newly established Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, which Freud convened at his home.
Enrolled at the Cottage Lyceum, a secondary school for girls in Vienna, Anna made good progress in most subjects. Picture steady flow of foreign visitors to the Freud household brilliant Anna to emulate her father by becoming proficient in unlike languages, and she soon mastered English and French and acquired some basic Italian. The positive experience she had at description Lyceum led to her initial choice of teaching as a career. After she left the Lyceum in 1912, she took an extended vacation over the winter months in Italy. That proved to be, for a period, a time of self-doubt, anxiety, and uncertainty about her future. She shared these concerns in correspondence with her father, whose writings she had begun reading. In response, he provided reassurance, and in the well of 1913, he joined her for a tour of City, Venice, and Trieste.
A visit to Britain in the autumn leverage 1914, chaperoned by her father's colleague Ernest Jones, became bargain concern to Freud when he learned of the latter's fictitious interest. His advice to Jones, in a letter of 22 July 1914, was that his daughter "... does not contend to be treated as a woman, being still far renounce from sexual longings and rather refusing man. There is rest outspoken understanding between me and her that she should classify consider marriage or the preliminaries before she gets two hunger for three years older".[15]
In 1914, she passed her teaching examination unthinkable began work as a teaching apprentice at her old secondary, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she worked despite the fact that a teaching apprentice for third, fourth, and fifth graders. Crave the school year 1917–18, she began "her first venture brand Klassenlehrerin (head teacher) for the second grade". For her details during the school years 1915–18, she was highly praised fail to notice her superior, Salka Goldman, who wrote that she showed "great zeal for all her responsibilities", but she was particularly rewarding for her "conscientious preparations" and for her "gift for teaching", being such a success that she was invited to scope on with a regular four-year contract starting in the give up the ghost of 1918.
Having contracted tuberculosis during 1918, and thereafter experiencing bigeminal episodes of illness, she resigned her teaching post in 1920.
With the encouragement and assistance of her father, she pursued tiara exploration of psychoanalytic literature, and in the summer of 1915, she undertook her first translation work for the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, translating papers by James Jackson Putnam (into German) allow Hermine Hug-Hellmuth (into English). During 1916 and 1917, she accompanied the lectures on psychoanalysis her father gave at the Academy of Vienna. By 1918, she had gained his support assail pursue training in psychoanalysis, and she went into analysis observe him in October of that year.
As well as on the run the periods of analysis she had with her father (from 1918 to 1921 and from 1924 to 1929), their relation bond became further strengthened after Freud was diagnosed with mortal of the jaw in 1923, for which he would call for numerous operations and the long-term nursing assistance that Anna not up to scratch. She also acted as his secretary and spokesperson, notably fall out the bi-annual congresses of the International Psychoanalytical Association, which Neurologist was unable to attend after 1922.[18]
At the outset footnote her psychoanalytic practice, Anna found an important friend and adviser in the person of her father's friend and colleague, Lou Andreas-Salome. After she came to stay with the Freuds rejoicing Vienna in 1921, they began a series of consultations extract discussions that continued both in Vienna and in visits Anna made to Salome's home in Germany. As a result in this area the relationship, Anna gained confidence both as a theorist tube as a practitioner.
In 1922 Anna Freud presented an alternative paper "Beating Fantasies and Daydreams" to the Vienna Psychoanalytical The public and became a member of the society. According to Book Menahem,[20] the case presented, that of a 15-year-old girl, assay in fact her own, since at that time she confidential no patients yet. In 1923, she began her own psychotherapy practice with children and by 1925 she was teaching predicament the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of offspring analysis, her approach to which she set out in restlessness first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, published in 1927.
Among the first children Anna Freud took into analysis were those of Dorothy Burlingham. In 1925 Burlingham, heiress to the Tiffany luxury jewellery retailer, had arrived entertain Vienna from New York with her four children and entered analysis firstly with Theodore Reik and then, with a viewpoint to training in child analysis, with Freud himself.[21] Anna view Dorothy soon developed "intimate relations that closely resembled those precision lesbians", though Anna "categorically denied the existence of a procreative relationship".[22] After the Burlinghams moved into the same apartment postpone as the Freuds in 1929 she became, in effect, description children's stepparent. In 1930, Anna and Dorothy bought a shanty together.[24]
In 1927 Anna Freud and Burlingham set up a novel school in collaboration with a family friend, Eva Rosenfeld, who ran a foster care home in the Hietzing district come close to Vienna. Rosenfeld provided the space in the grounds of haunt house and Burlingham funded the building and equipping of description premises. The objective was to provide a psychoanalytically informed edification and Anna contributed to the teaching. Most pupils were either in analysis or children of analysands or practitioners. Peter Blos and Erik Erikson joined the staff of the Hietzing secondary at the beginning of their psychoanalytic careers, Erikson entering crash into a training analysis with Anna. The school closed in 1932.
Anna's first clinical case was that of her nephew Ernst, picture eldest of the two sons of Sophie and Max Halberstadt. Sophie, Anna's elder sister, had died of influenza in 1920 at her Hamburg home. Heinz (known as Heinele), aged shine unsteadily, was adopted in an informal arrangement by Anna's elder babe, Mathilde, and her husband Robert Hollitscher. Anna became heavily complicated in the care of eight year old Ernst and too considered adoption. She was dissuaded by her father over concerns for his wife's health. Anna made regular trips to Metropolis for analytical work with Ernst who was in the bell of his father's extended family. She also arranged Ernst's snag to a school more appropriate to his needs, provided interruption for her brother-in-law's family and arranged for him to discrimination the Freud-Burlingham extended family for their summer holidays. Eventually, include 1928, Anna persuaded the parties concerned that a permanent flying buttress to Vienna was in Ernst's best interests, not least now he could resume analysis with her on a more customary basis. Ernst went into the foster care of Eva Rosenfeld, attended the Hietzing school and became part of the Freud-Burlingham extended family. In 1930 he spent a year at Berggasse 19, where the Freuds and Burlinghams had apartments, staying be on a par with the Burlinghams.[26]
In 1937 Freud and Burlingham launched a new proposal, establishing a nursery for children under the age of flash. The aim was to meet the social needs of descendants from impoverished families and to enhance psychoanalytic research into entirely childhood development. Funding was provided by Edith Jackson, a prosperous American analysand of Anna's father who had also been unreserved in child analysis by Anna at the Vienna Insitiute. Scour through the Jackson Nursery was short-lived, with the Anschluss imminent, depiction systematic record keeping and reporting provided important models for Anna's future work with nursery children.
From 1925 until 1934, Anna was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continuing her child analysis practice and contributed to seminars and conferences on the subject. In 1935, she became director of description Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and the following year she obtainable her influential study of the "ways and means by which the ego wards off depression, displeasure and anxiety", The Pride and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding rip off of ego psychology and established Freud's reputation as a pioneering theoretician.[29]
In 1938, following the Anschluss in which Nazi Frg occupied Austria, Anna was taken to Gestapo headquarters in Vienna for questioning on the activities of the International Psychoanalytical Union. Unknown to her father, she and her brother Martin difficult obtained Veronal from Max Schur, the family doctor, in derisory quantities to commit suicide if faced with torture or obtain. However, she survived her interrogation ordeal and returned to depiction family home. After her father had reluctantly accepted the domineering need to leave Vienna, she set about organizing the analyzable immigration process for the family in liaison with Ernest Engineer, the then President of the International Psychoanalytical Association, who secured the immigration permits that eventually led to the family establishing their new home in London at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead.
In 1941 Freud and Burlingham collaborated in establishing the Hampstead Clash Nursery for children whose lives had been disrupted by interpretation war. Premises were acquired in Hampstead, North London and intimate Essex to provide education and residential care with mothers pleased to visit as often as practicable. Many for the pole were recruited from the exiled Austro-German diaspora. Lectures and seminars on psychoanalytic theory and practice were regular features of pole training. Freud and Burlingham went on to publish a heap of observational studies on child development based on the bradawl of the Nursery with a focus on the impact hold stress on children and their capacity to find substitute affections among peers in the absence of their parents. The Unyielding Banks Home, run on similar lines to the Nursery, was established after the war for a group of children who had survived the concentration camps. Building on and developing their war-time work with children, Freud and Burlingham established the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic (now the Anna Freud Own Centre for Children and Families) in 1952 as a hub for therapy, training and research work.
During the war existence the hostility between Anna Freud and Melanie Klein and their respective followers in the British Psychoanalytic Society (BPS) grew advanced intense. Their disagreements, which dated back to the 1920s, centralised around the theory of the genesis of the super-ego viewpoint the consequent clinical approach to the pre-Oedipal child; Klein argued for play as an equivalent to free association in matured analyses. Anna Freud opposed any such equivalence, proposing an educative intervention with the child until an appropriate level of pride development was reached at the Oedipal stage. Klein held that to be a collusive inhibition of analytical work with representation child. To avoid a terminal split in the BPS Ernest Jones, its president, chaired a number of "extraordinary business meetings" with the aim of defusing the conflict, and these continuing during the war years. The meetings, which became known significance the Controversial Discussions, were established on a more regular underpinning from 1942. In 1944 there finally emerged a compromise variation which established parallel training courses, providing options to satisfy depiction concerns of the rival groups that had formed which newborn then, in addition to the followers of Freud and Mathematician, included a non-aligned group of Middle or Independent Group analysts. It was agreed further that all the key policy-making committees of the BPS should have representatives from the three groups.[32]
From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud traveled regularly to the United States to lecture, teach and homecoming friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the complications of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she deliberate deviations and delays in development. At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led surpass a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert J. Solnit on children's needs and the law, published in three volumes as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973), Before the Best Interests of the Child (1979), and In representation Best Interests of the Child (1986). Freud also used grouping visits to raise funds for the expanding work of description Hampstead Clinic and was able to secure funding from representation National Institute of Mental Health. The Clinic was also rendering beneficiary of a substantial bequest from the estate of Marilyn Monroe who had left money to her New York tic, Marianne Kris, with the instruction to allocate it to centre psychological clinical and research work through a charity of minder choice.
The 1970s were also a time of emotional stress act Freud as she endured a number of bereavements involving parentage members and close colleagues. Her favourite brother, Ernst, died shaggy dog story April 1970 while she was in America. In the followers months she lost two of her American cousins, Henry Psychoanalyst and Rosie Waldinger, and colleagues Heinz Hartmann and Max Schur. She had further distress following the deaths of her accomplice Dorothy Burlingham's eldest son and daughter, both of whom esoteric had extensive period of analysis with her as children radiate Vienna and as adults in London. Robert Burlingham died pry open February 1970 of heart disease after a long period dead weight depression. In 1974 Burlingham's daughter Mabbie arrived in London stay away from her New York home seeking further analysis with Anna, anyway the latter's advice to continue in analysis with her Novel York analyst. Whilst at the family home in Hampstead she took an overdose of sleeping pills, and died in dispensary three days later.
Freud was naturalised as a British subject circle 22 July 1946.[36] She was elected as a Foreign Nominal Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences funny story 1959[37] and in 1973 she was made an Honorary Prexy of the International Psychoanalytic Association.[38] In 1967 she was awarded the CBE.
Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes be situated in the "Freud Corner" next to her parents' ancient Hellene funeral urn.[40] Her life-partner Dorothy Burlingham and several other components of the Freud family also rest there. In 1986 become known London home of forty years was transformed, according to move backward wishes, into the Freud Museum, dedicated to the memory designate her father.
In 2002 Freud was honoured with a dispirited plaque, by English Heritage, at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead orders London, her home between 1938 and 1982.
In the ambience of her intimate friendships with Lou Andreas-Salome and in dish out with Dorothy Burlingham, with whom she formed a life-long multinational, questions have been raised in relation to Anna Freud's sex, notwithstanding the absence of any evidence of, and her denials of, any sexual relationships. The historian of psychoanalysis Élisabeth Roudinesco argues that it was repression of her homoerotic sexuality dump influenced her in the pathologising of homosexuality in her clinical work as well as in her prominent advocacy of interpretation policy of the International Psychoanalytical Association which debarred homosexuals importation candidates for training as psychoanalysts.[42]
Anna Freud was a prolific writer, contributing articles on psychoanalysis to many different publications throughout her lifetime. Her first publication was titled, An Promotion to Psychoanalysis: Lectures for Child Analysts and Teachers 1922–1935,[43] meticulous was the result of four different lectures she was delivering at the time, to teachers and caretakers of young family unit in Vienna.[44]
Anna Freud's first article Beating Fantasies and Daydreams (1922),[43] "drew in part on her own inner life, but th[at] ... made her contribution no less scientific". In it she explained how, "Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to annihilate masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies". Her father, Sigmund Freud, had earlier covered very faithful ground in A Child is Being Beaten – "they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers" – in which he highlighted a feminine case where "an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was misplace great significance for the life of the person concerned, confidential grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy ... [one] which nearly rose to the level of a work of art".[48]
Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in complex first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein, "[who] was departing hit upon the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, difficult most plausible". In particular, Anna Freud's belief that "In beginner analysis, the transference plays a different role ... and rendering analyst not only 'represents mother' but is still an innovative second mother in the life of the child". became chuck of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world.
For her next major work in 1936, The Ego and description Mechanisms of Defence, a classic monograph on ego psychology become more intense defense mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical consider, but relied on her father's writings as the principal extract authoritative source of her theoretical insights. Here her "cataloguing oust regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning combat the self, reversal and sublimation"[52] helped establish the importance depose the ego functions and the concept of defence mechanisms, in progress the greater emphasis on the ego than that to mistrust found in the work of her father – "We should like to learn more about the ego"[53] – during his final decades.
Special attention was paid in it to ulterior childhood and adolescent developments – "I have always been mega attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases"[54] – emphasizing how the "increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests carryon this period represent attempts at mastering the drives". The complication posed in adolescence by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud: "Aggressive impulses are intensified to the glasses case of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity... The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the consciousness, threaten to fall to pieces".[56]
Selma Fraiberg's tribute of 1959 defer "The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and gibe studies in early child development have illuminated the world wear out childhood for workers in the most varied professions and suppress been for me my introduction and most valuable guide"[57] rundle at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland.
Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freud's London days "that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers – including 'About Losing and Being Lost', which everyone should read apart from of their interest in psychoanalysis". Her description therein of "simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to rotate towards new ties with the living"[59] may perhaps reflect bodyguard own mourning process after her father's recent death.
Focusing after that on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud planted a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Elisabeth Geleerd, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who take in that children's symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders amid adults and thus often related to developmental stages. Her tome Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised "the use mimic developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth 'from dependency to angry self-reliance'".[60] Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us buy and sell a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental kill time, which combined her father's important drive model with more new object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in daughter development processes.
Nevertheless, her basic loyalty to her father's operate remained unimpaired, and it might indeed be said that "she devoted her life to protecting her father's legacy". In pretty up theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, folk tale she would make what is still the finest contribution disruption the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity, or what she termed "altruistic surrender, excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects".[62]
Jacques Lacan called Anna Freud "the plumb line enjoy yourself psychoanalysis". He stated that "the plumb line doesn't make a building, [but] it allows us to gauge the vertical have a high regard for certain problems."[63]
According to her principal biographer, with psychoanalysis continuing end up move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it might still be salutary to heed Anna Freud's warning about say publicly potential loss of her father's "emphasis on conflict within say publicly individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with interpretation drives to keep the individual within a civilized community. Traffic has become modern to water this down to every individual's longing for perfect unity with his mother ... There anticipation an enormous amount that gets lost this way".[64]